What factors constitute to discount buying on equities?

When we buy a stock, we're actually buying a piece of business that we actually want to own. With more than 700++ listed companies on SGX, how do we filter out bad companies and information to find the gems that we wanna owned?

These companies listed in the market are transacted with a buying and selling price. We may inadventlty  buy a price that could be too high (premium) or a dirt cheap company that could be an empty shell company. Using a basic criteria, i have grasp a few points to note. They are:

• buying a stock below/at its book value with a margin of safety
• low current debt to asset ratio
• dividend returns at 2x higher than the 10 yr treasury yields.  

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